Laminine Clinical Studies part 2

pathways that synthesize these amino acids are not fully developed. The amounts

required also depend on the age and health of the individual, so it is hard to make

general statements about the dietary requirement for some amino acids.

Non‐protein functions of Amino Acids: Besides building proteins, many amino acids are

used to synthesize other molecules, for example:

Tryptophan is a precursor of the neurotransmitter seratonin. Almost 80% of the

serotonin in a human body is found in the gut, where it is secreted and absorbed into

the blood platelets, and helps regulate critical functions like blood cotting and wound

healing. The remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the Central Nervous

System, where it has various functions, including the regulation of mood, appetite,

sleep, muscle contraction, and some cognitive functions including memory and learning.

Glycine is a precursor of porpyrins, which is the red pigment in blood.

Arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide, which is an important signaling molecule in

Mammals. NO is one of the few gaseous signaling molecules known. It is a key

vertebrate biological messenger, playing a role in a variety of biological processes. The

(inner lining) of blood vessels uses nitric oxide to signal the surrounding smooth muscle

to relax, thus resulting in what is called vasolidation which increases blood flow. Nitric

oxide is highly reactive (having a lifetime of a few seconds), yet diffuses freely across our

body’s membranes. These attributes make nitric oxide ideal as a signaling molecule

between adjacent cells as well as within a single cell. Effects include vasodilatation,

modulation of the hair cycle, and penile erections (through its ability to vasolidate).

Sildenafil Citrate, popularly known by the trade name Viagra, stimulates erections

primarily by enhancing signaling through the nitric oxide pathway in the penis.

Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth

muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the

endothelium. Humans with atherosclerosis, diabetes or hypertension often show

impaired NO pathways.



Glycine and glutamine are precursors of nucleotides. Nucleotides are molecules that,

when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition,

nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of

chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in

cellular signaling

PEPTIDES:

Peptides are short polymers formed from the linking, in a defined order, of α‐amino

acids. Hence depending on the number of amino acids, peptides are called di‐peptides,

tri‐peptides, oligopeptides, etc. Proteins are multi peptide chains.